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References for September 2026

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References for September 2026
Melissa Trudinger

Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence

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  1. Trudinger M. No evidence for CME effectiveness alarms physios: Australian Physiotherapy Association; 2026 [Available from: https://australian.physio/inmotion/no-evidence-cme-effectiveness-alarms-physios.)
  2. Paleg G, Pool D, Hidalgo-Robles Á, Frumberg D, Livingstone R, Damiano D. Where’s the Evidence? Challenging Therapists to Stop Legitimizing Dynamic Movement Intervention and Cuevas Medek Exercises. Pediatric physical therapy. 2026;38(1):138-43.
  3. Kreindler J, Weltman J-A. Letter to the Editor: Clarifying the Scientific Basis and Clinical Relevance of DMI Therapy. Pediatric Physical Therapy. 2026;38(2):335-7.
  4. Wright W, Sayce AH, Wilson CW, Conder CR, Rylands WH. The Empire of the Hittites: Nisbet; 1886.
  5. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of Experience-Dependent Neural Plasticity: Implications for Rehabilitation After Brain Damage. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research. 2008;51(1):S225-S39.
  6. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children & Youth Version. Geneva Switzerland: WHO. 2007 [Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health.
  7. Ryan JM, Burke J, Byrne R, Capellari E, Harvey A, O’Connell NE, et al. Pain in adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2025;67(7):854-74.
  8. Marsico P, Graser JV, van Hedel HJA. Effectiveness of Facilitation, Arrangement of Task and Situation, (Non-)verbal Communication, and Counseling of Caregivers in Children with Neuromotor Disorders: a Systematic Review. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 2021;5(4):360-80.
  9. Damiano DL, Abel MF. Functional outcomes of strength training in spastic cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998;79(2):119-25.
  10. Hadders-Algra M. Early human motor development: From variation to the ability to vary and adapt. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2018;90:411-27.
  11. Law MC, Darrah J, Pollock N, Wilson B, Russell DJ, Walter SD, et al. Focus on function: a cluster, randomized controlled trial comparing child- versus context-focused intervention for young children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53(7):621-9.
  12. Novak I, Morgan C, Fahey M, Finch-Edmondson M, Galea C, Hines A, et al. State of the Evidence Traffic Lights 2019: Systematic Review of Interventions for Preventing and Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. 2020;20(2):3-.
  13. Sah A, Balaji G, Agrahara S. Effects of Task-oriented Activities Based on Neurodevelopmental Therapy Principles on Trunk Control, Balance, and Gross Motor Function in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Single-blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences. 2019;14:120.
  14. Uddenfeldt Wort U, Nordmark E, Wagner P, Düppe H, Westbom L. Fractures in children with cerebral palsy: a total population study. Developmental medicine and child neurology. 2013;55(9):821-6.

 

Right of reply to Absence of evidence letter

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  1. Trudinger M. No evidence for CME effectiveness alarms physios: Australian Physiotherapy Association; 2026 [Available from: https://australian.physio/inmotion/no-evidence-cme-effectiveness-alarms-physios.)
  2. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children & Youth Version. Geneva Switzerland: WHO. 2007 [Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health.
  3. Frumberg, D. B., Church, P. T., & Rosenberg, N. (2026). Time toxicity and shared decision‐making in cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 68(7), 903-908.
  4. Tricco, AC, Lillie, E, Zarin, W, O’Brien, KK, Colquhoun, H, Levac, D, Moher, D, Peters, MD, Horsley, T, Weeks, L, Hempel, S et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018,169(7):467-473. doi: 10.7326/M18-0850
  5. Marsico, P., Graser, J. V., & van Hedel, H. J. (2021). Effectiveness of facilitation, arrangement of task and situation, (non-) verbal communication, and counseling of caregivers in children with neuromotor disorders: A systematic review. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 5(4), 360-380.

 

Five facts about physiotherapy and whiplash

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  1. Ali, A. M., Alkhamees, A. A., Hori, H., Kim, Y., & Kunugi, H. (2021). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21: Development and Validation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8-Item in Psychiatric Patients and the General Public for Easier Mental Health Measurement in a Post COVID-19 World. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910142
  2. Anarte-Lazo, E., Barbero, M., Bernal-Utrera, C., Rodriguez-Blanco, C., & Falla, D. (2024). The association between neuropathic pain features and central sensitization with acute headache associated to a whiplash injury. Musculoskelet Sci Pract, 74, 103212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2024.103212
  3. Bandong, A. N., Mackey, M., Leaver, A., Ingram, R., Sterling, M., Ritchie, C., Kelly, J., & Rebbeck, T. (2019). An Interactive Website for Whiplash Management (My Whiplash Navigator): Process Evaluation of Design and Implementation. JMIR Form Res, 3(3), e12216. https://doi.org/10.2196/12216
  4. Davis, C. G. (2013). Mechanisms of chronic pain from whiplash injury. J Forensic Leg Med, 20(2), 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.05.004
  5. Elliott, J., Jull, G., Noteboom, J. T., Darnell, R., Galloway, G., & Gibbon, W. W. (2006). Fatty infiltration in the cervical extensor muscles in persistent whiplash-associated disorders: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 31(22), E847-855. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000240841.07050.34
  6. Elliott, J., Pedler, A., Kenardy, J., Galloway, G., Jull, G., & Sterling, M. (2011). The temporal development of fatty infiltrates in the neck muscles following whiplash injury: an association with pain and posttraumatic stress. PLoS One, 6(6), e21194. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021194
  7. Farrell, S. F., Sterling, M., Irving-Rodgers, H., & Schmid, A. B. (2020). Small fibre pathology in chronic whiplash-associated disorder: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Pain, 24(6), 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1549
  8. Fundaun, J., Kolski, M., Baskozos, G., Dilley, A., Sterling, M., & Schmid, A. B. (2022). Nerve pathology and neuropathic pain after whiplash injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 163(7), e789-e811. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002509
  9. Fundaun, J., Ridehalgh, C., Koushesh, S., Novak, A., Tejos-Bravo, M., Bremner, S., Baskozos, G., Dilley, A., & Schmid, A. B. (2025). The presence and prognosis of nerve pathology following whiplash injury: a prospective cohort study. Brain, 148(9), 3392-3406. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaf088
  10. Griffin, A. R., Sterling, M., Ritchie, C., Kifley, A., Jagnoor, J., Cameron, I. D., & Rebbeck, T. (2022). Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 23(1), 395. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8
  11. Jull, G., Sterling, M., Falla, D., Treleaven, J., & O’Leary, S. (2008). Chapter 12 – Clinical Assessment: Physical Examination of the Cervical Region.
  12. Kamper, S. J., Rebbeck, T. J., Maher, C. G., McAuley, J. H., & Sterling, M. (2008). Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 138(3), 617-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.019
  13. Kosek, E., Clauw, D., Nijs, J., Baron, R., Gilron, I., Harris, R. E., Mico, J. A., Rice, A. S. C., & Sterling, M. (2021). Chronic nociplastic pain affecting the musculoskeletal system: clinical criteria and grading system. Pain, 162(11), 2629-2634. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002324
  14. Kristjansson, E., & Treleaven, J. (2009). Sensorimotor function and dizziness in neck pain: implications for assessment and management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 39(5), 364-377. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2834
  15. Nijs, J., De Baets, L., & Hodges, P. (2023). Phenotyping nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain: who, how, & why? Braz J Phys Ther, 27(4), 100537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100537
  16. Rasmussen, M. K., Kongsted, A., Carstensen, T., Jensen, T. S., & Kasch, H. (2020). Revisiting Risk-stratified Whiplash-exposed Patients 12 to 14 Years After Injury. Clin J Pain, 36(12), 923-931. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000877
  17. Rebbeck, T., Bandong, A. N., Leaver, A., Ritchie, C., Armfield, N., Arora, M., Cameron, I. D., Connelly, L. B., Daniell, R., Gillett, M., Ingram, R., Jagnoor, J., Kenardy, J., Mitchell, G., Refshauge, K., Scotti Requena, S., Robins, S., & Sterling, M. (2023). Implementation of a risk-stratified, guideline-based clinical pathway of care to improve health outcomes following whiplash injury (Whiplash ImPaCT): a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial. Pain, 164(10), 2216-2227. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002940
  18. Ritchie, C., Hendrikz, J., Jull, G., Elliott, J., & Sterling, M. (2015a). External validation of a clinical prediction rule to predict full recovery and ongoing moderate/severe disability following acute whiplash injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 45(4), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5642
  19. Ritchie, C., Kenardy, J., Smeets, R., & Sterling, M. (2015b). StressModEx–Physiotherapist-led Stress Inoculation Training integrated with exercise for acute whiplash injury: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. J Physiother, 61(3), 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.04.003
  20. Sarkilahti, N., Leino, S., Takatalo, J., Loyttyniemi, E., & Tenovuo, O. (2024). The symptom profile of people with whiplash-associated disorder – A mixed-method systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 40, 706-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.05.018
  21. SIRA, N. S. I. R. A. (2023). Australian Clinical Guidelines for Health Professionals Managing People with Whiplash-Associated Disorders, Fourth Edition.
  22. Sterling, M., Ritchie, C., Rebbeck, T., Cameron, I. D., Griffin, A., Jagnoor, J., Nicholas, M., Nguyen, H., & Warren, J. (2021). Comparison of the Accuracy of WhipPredict to That of a Modified Version of the Short-Form Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire to Predict Poor Recovery After Whiplash Injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 51(5), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2021.9987
  23. Sterling, M., Smeets, R., Keijzers, G., Warren, J., & Kenardy, J. (2019). Physiotherapist-delivered stress inoculation training integrated with exercise versus physiotherapy exercise alone for acute whiplash-associated disorder (StressModex): a randomised controlled trial of a combined psychological/physical intervention. Br J Sports Med, 53(19), 1240-1247. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100139
  24. Wortmann, J. H., Jordan, A. H., Weathers, F. W., Resick, P. A., Dondanville, K. A., Hall-Clark, B., Foa, E. B., Young-McCaughan, S., Yarvis, J. S., Hembree, E. A., Mintz, J., Peterson, A. L., & Litz, B. T. (2016). Psychometric analysis of the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members. Psychol Assess, 28(11), 1392-1403. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000260

 

Designing the behaviour, not just the exercise

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  1. Australian Physiotherapy Association. (2024, January 17). *Empathy in action: Crafting behaviour change in physiotherapy*. https://australian.physio/home/podcast/empathy-action-crafting-behaviour-change-physiotherapy
  2. Australian Physiotherapy Association. (2025, November 28). *Behaviour change*. *InMotion*. https://australian.physio/inmotion/behaviour-change
  3. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. *Psychological Review, 84*(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  4. Epton, T., Currie, S., & Armitage, C. J. (2017). Unique effects of setting goals on behavior change: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(12), 1182-1198. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000260
  5. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. *Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38*, 69-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1
  6. Jack, K., McLean, S. M., Moffett, J. K., & Gardiner, E. (2010). Barriers to treatment adherence in physiotherapy outpatient clinics: A systematic review. *Manual Therapy, 15*(3), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2009.12.004
  7. Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. *European Journal of Social Psychology, 40*(6), 998-1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674
  8. Michie, S., Abraham, C., Whittington, C., McAteer, J., & Gupta, S. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. *Health Psychology, 28*(6), 690-701. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016136
  9. Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013). The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy v1 of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. *Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46*(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
  10. Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. *Implementation Science, 6*, Article 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42

Evidence mounts against shock wave therapy for tendinopathy

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  1. Alsulaimani B, Perraton L, Vallance P, Powers T, Malliaras P (2025). Does shockwave therapy lead to better pain and function than sham over 12 weeks in people with insertional Achilles tendinopathy? A randomised controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2025 Feb;39(2):174-186. doi: 10.1177/02692155241295683. Epub 2024 Dec 20. PMID: 39704142; PMCID: PMC11846266.
  2. Korakakis V, Kotsifaki R, Sotiralis Y, Malliaras P (2026). Shockwave Therapy for Midportion and Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy: A Nail in the Coffin? A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2026 May;56(5):282-299. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2026.13985. PMID: 42063301.